TCP is optimized for accurate delivery rather than timely delivery and can incur relatively long delays (on the order of seconds) while waiting for out-of-order messages or re-transmissions of lost messages. TCP is used extensively by many internet applications, including the World Wide Web (WWW), email, File Transfer Protocol, Secure Shell, peer-to-peer file sharing, and streaming media. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking details. Once the TCP receiver has reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted, it passes them to the receiving application. If the data still remains undelivered, the source is notified of this failure. TCP detects these problems, requests re-transmission of lost data, rearranges out-of-order data and even helps minimize network congestion to reduce the occurrence of the other problems. At the transport layer, TCP handles all handshaking and transmission details and presents an abstraction of the network connection to the application typically through a network socket interface.Īt the lower levels of the protocol stack, due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or unpredictable network behaviour, IP packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. An application does not need to know the particular mechanisms for sending data via a link to another host, such as the required IP fragmentation to accommodate the maximum transmission unit of the transmission medium. It provides host-to-host connectivity at the transport layer of the Internet model. The Transmission Control Protocol provides a communication service at an intermediate level between an application program and the Internet Protocol. In 2004, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn received the Turing Award for their foundational work on TCP/IP. This resulted in a networking model that became known informally as TCP/IP, although formally it was variously referred to as the Department of Defense (DOD) model, and ARPANET model, and eventually also as the Internet Protocol Suite. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol. Ī central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. It contains the first attested use of the term internet, as a shorthand for internetwork. The specification of the resulting protocol, RFC 675 ( Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program), was written by Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, and published in December 1974. The authors had been working with Gérard Le Lann to incorporate concepts from the French CYCLADES project into the new network. In May 1974, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. However, there are vulnerabilities in TCP, including denial of service, connection hijacking, TCP veto, and reset attack.
TCP employs network congestion avoidance. Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that prioritizes time over reliability. Three-way handshake (active open), retransmission, and error detection adds to reliability but lengthens latency. The server must be listening (passive open) for connection requests from clients before a connection is established. TCP is connection-oriented, and a connection between client and server is established before data can be sent. Major internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, remote administration, and file transfer rely on TCP, which is part of the Transport Layer of the TCP/IP suite. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP).
The Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Transmission Control Protocol Communication protocol Principal protocol used to stream data across an IP network
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